Wetlands
Contents
- Introduction
- Legal References
- General Wetlands Resources
- Federal Wetlands Resources
- Washington State Wetlands Resources
- Local Ordinances and Wetlands Information
- Wetland Consultants
- Related MRSC Pages
Introduction
Wetlands are fragile ecosystems that serve important beneficial functions, such as assisting in the reduction of erosion, siltation, flooding, ground and surface water pollution, and providing wildlife, plant, and fisheries habitats. Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. Wetlands are identified as critical areas in the Washington State Growth Management Act (RCW 36.70A.030(5) and RCW 36.70A.060). This page provides information of use to local governments in their wetlands regulation and permitting functions.
In Washington State, wetlands are rated according to a system that organizes wetlands into four categories based on wetland functions, sensitivity to disturbance, rarity, and ability to replace them. Wetland delineation involves determining the edge of a wetland based on three parameters: water, plants, and soil.
Strategies for saving wetlands and other critical areas include limiting uses and avoiding development in some areas, transferring development density to another site or a non-sensitive portion of a large site, and public purchase of valuable or unique wetlands. Buffer areas around wetlands and along streams are also used to protect the functions of these critical areas. Mitigation of impacts on wetlands and other critical areas involves reducing the adverse impacts of a project to an acceptable level. In addition to critical areas regulations, nonregulatory and incentive programs are also used to protect wetlands.
Legal References
Statutes
- Growth Management Act
- RCW 36.70A.030(5) - Definitions
- RCW 36.70A.060 - Natural resource lands and critical areas - Development regulations
- RCW 36.70A.172 - Critical areas - Designation and protection - Best available science to be used
- RCW 36.70A.175 - Wetlands to be delineated in accordance with manual
- Chapter 90.58 RCW - Shoreline Management Act of 1971
- RCW 90.58.380 - Adoption of wetland manual
- Chapter 90.84 RCW - Wetlands Mitigation Banking
Administrative Regulations
- Chapter 173-22 WAC - Adoption of Designations of Shorelands and Wetlands Associated with Shorelines of the State
- WAC 173-26-221(2)(c)(i) - Shoreline master program provisions, Wetlands
- WAC 173-158-080 - Wetlands management in flood plains
- WAC 173-183-700 - Vulnerability of freshwater wetland environments to oil spills
- WAC 173-183-710 - Wetlands vulnerability classification
- Chapter 173-201A WAC - Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters of the State of Washington
- Chapter 197-700 WAC - Wetland Mitigation Banks
- WAC 365-190-080 - Critical areas
- WAC 365-196-485 - Critical areas
- WAC 365-195-900 - 365-195-925 - Part Nine, Best Available Science
General Wetlands Resources
The following are general websites and webpages that provide guidance on wetlands protection.
- Wetlands and Watersheds, Center for Watershed Protection - Provides guidance to communities on how to integrate wetlands into larger watershed protection efforts. Includes articles, slide shows, bibliographies, links, and events.
- King County Introduction to Wetlands - Good general introduction to wetlands and their functions
- Critical Areas, related MRSC page
- Flexibility in Environmental Regulation, related MRSC page
- Onsite Density Transfer for Critical Areas, related MRSC page
- Flexible Buffer Widths, related MRSC page
- Wetland Mitigation Banking, related MRSC page
- Incentive Programs - Critical Areas, related MRSC page
Federal Wetlands Resources
This section includes information on wetlands regulations and protection from federal agencies that is relevant to local governments.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Wetlands - General information about wetlands and federal regulations
- Wetlands Compensatory Mitigation - Includes information on Final Compensatory Mitigation Rule regarding compensatory mitigation for authorized impacts to wetlands, streams, and other waters of the U.S. under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
- U.S. EPA Region 10 Wetland Grants - Financial assistance for wetland protection and enhancement for state, tribal and local governments
- National Estuary Program - Network of voluntary community-based programs to protect fragile coastal estuaries
- National Wetlands Inventory, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) Wetlands Delineation Manual (
), Wetlands Research Program Technical Report Y-87-1, 01/1987 - Older but still useful
Washington State Wetlands Resources
Washington State departments, especially the Department of Ecology, offer excellent information on wetlands protection and resources.
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Wetlands - See left column for list of specific topics
- Washington State Department of Commerce, Wetlands
- Wetlands and Critical Areas Ordinance Updates, Guidance for Small Cities, Department of Ecology
- Wetland Mitigation in Washington State, Part 1: Agency Policies and Guidance (), Washington State Department of Ecology, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 03/2006 - See Chapter 2, Background on Wetlands and Chapter 5, Types of Compensatory Mitigation
- Wetland Mitigation in Washington State, Part 2: Developing Mitigation Plans (),Washington State Department of Ecology, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 03/2006
- Selecting Wetland Mitigation Sites Using a Watershed Approach, 12/2009 - Department of Ecology guidance issued for selecting wetland mitigation sites
- Wetland Permits, Environmental Permit Handbook, Washington Governor's Office of Regulatory Assistance
- Best Available Science for Wetlands, Washington State Department of Ecology
- Wetlands in Washington State - Volume 1: A Synthesis of the Science, Washington State Department of Ecology, 03/2005. Under the Growth Management Act, local governments are required to use the best available science when reviewing and revising their policies and regulations on wetlands. The state departments of Ecology and Fish and Wildlife developed this comprehensive synthesis of the science regarding freshwater wetlands to assist local governments.
- Wetlands in Washington State - Volume 2: Guidance for Protecting and Managing Wetlands,Washington State Department of Ecology, 04/2005
- Washington State Wetland Rating Systems for Eastern and Western Washington
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Frequently Asked Questions, Wetland Rating System for Western Washington, 01/2006
- Wetland Mitigation Banking, Washington State Department of Ecology
Local Ordinances and Wetlands Information
This section includes selected local ordinances from Washington jurisdictions and development assistance handouts on wetlands.
- Model Code Provisions for Wetlands (), CTED (now Department of Commerce) - Excerpt from Critical Areas Assistance Handbook, Appendix A, 2003
- Clark County Code Ch. 40.450 - Wetland Protection
- Island County Wetlands main page - Includes links to Development Assistance Bulletins, wetlands identification guides, best available science, and wetlands critical areas ordinance
- Kent Development Assistance Brochure #9 Wetland Delineation Reports (), Development Assistance Brochure #10-1 Conceptual Mitigation Plans for Wetlands, Streams, and Associated Buffers (), and #10-2 Final Conceptual Mitigation Plans for Wetlands, Streams, and Associated Buffers ()
- King County Wetlands page
- Wetland Delineation Report Criteria (), 2012
- Critical Areas Ordinance Users Manual, Part II, Wetlands (
)
- Wetland Delineation Report Criteria (
- Kitsap County Wetland Areas
- Mercer Island Wetlands
- Mukilteo Municipal Code Ch.17.52B - Wetland Regulations - Recommended as an example for other cities
- Redmond Zoning Code Sec. 21.64.030 - Wetlands, in Article IV - Environmental Regulations
- Sammamish Wetland Inventory
- Spokane Municipal Code Ch. 17E.70 - Wetlands Protection
- Sumner Ordinance No. 2212 (), passed 05/21/2007
- Whatcom County Handout D5 - Critical Areas Ordinance Wetlands ()
- Woodinville Wetland and Stream Mitigation Guidelines ()
Wetland Consultants
Many local governments hire wetland experts to prepare and update wetlands ordinances. Local governments also require developers to do special studies of wetlands located on a proposed development site. Some jurisdictions have prepared lists of preferred wetlands consultants.
- Preparing Wetland Reports, Greenbelt Consulting
- Island County Wetland and Biological Consultant List ()
- King County Preferred Wetland Consultants List () and Preferred Wetland Consultant Criteria
- Mason County Biological Consultants ()
- Whatcom County Qualified Wetland/Stream Specialists ()
Related MRSC Resources
MRSC Index – Wetlands