WAC 296-155-52902 Definitions. Accredited crane certifier means a crane inspector who has been accredited by the department.

аааа A/D director (assembly/disassembly) director means an individual who meets the requirements in this part for an A/D director, irrespective of the person's formal job title or whether the person is nonmanagement or management personnel.

аааа Angle of loading means the acute angle between horizontal and the leg of the rigging, often referred to as horizontal angle. See Figures 18 and 33.

аааа Anti two-block device means a device that, when activated, disengages all crane functions whose movement can cause two-blocking.

аааа Apprentice operator or trainee means a crane operator who has not met requirements established by the department under RCW 49.17.430.

аааа Articulating boom crane means a crane whose boom consists of a series of folding, pin connected structural members, typically manipulated to extend or retract by power from hydraulic cylinders.

аааа Assembly/disassembly means the assembly and/or disassembly of components or attachments covered under this part. With regard to tower cranes, "erecting and climbing" replaces the term "assembly," and "dismantling" replaces the term "disassembly." Regardless of whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed in stages, the process of increasing height of the crane is an erection process.

аааа Assist crane means a crane used to assist in assembling or disassembling a crane.

аааа Attachments means any device that expands the range or tasks that can be done by the crane/derrick. Examples include, but are not limited to: An auger, drill, magnet, pile-driver, and boom-attached personnel platform.

аааа Audible signal means a signal made by a distinct sound or series of sounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, sounds made by a bell, horn, or whistle.

аааа Basket hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load and both loop eyes or end fittings are attached to the lifting device.

аааа Below-the-hook lifting device means a device used for attaching loads to a hoist. The device may contain components such as slings, hooks, rigging hardware, and lifting attachments.

аааа Bird caging means the twisting of fiber or wire rope in an isolated area of the rope in the opposite direction of the rope lay, thereby causing it to take on the appearance of a bird cage.

аааа Blocking (also referred to as "cribbing") means wood or other material used to support equipment or a component and distribute loads to the ground. It is typically used to support latticed boom sections during assembly/disassembly and under outrigger and stabilizer floats.

аааа Boatswain's chair means a single-point adjustable suspension scaffold consisting of a seat or sling (which may be incorporated into a full body harness) designed to support one employee in a sitting position.

аааа Bogie. See "travel bogie."

аааа Boom (other than tower crane) means an inclined spar, strut, or other long structural member which supports the upper hoisting tackle on a crane or derrick. Typically, the length and vertical angle of the boom can be varied to achieve increased height or height and reach when lifting loads. Booms can usually be grouped into general categories of hydraulically extendible, cantilevered type, latticed section, cable supported type or articulating type.

аааа Boom (tower cranes) on tower cranes: If the "boom" (i.e., principal horizontal structure) is fixed, it is referred to as a jib; if it is moveable up and down, it is referred to as a boom.

аааа Boom angle indicator means a device which measures the angle of the boom relative to horizontal.

аааа Boom hoist limiting device includes boom hoist disengaging device, boom hoist shut-off, boom hoist disconnect, boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoist kick-outs, automatic boom stop device, or derricking limiter. This type of device disengages boom hoist power when the boom reaches a predetermined operating angle. It also sets brakes or closes valves to prevent the boom from lowering after power is disengaged.

аааа Boom length indicator indicates the length of the permanent part of the boom (such as ruled markings on the boom) or, as in some computerized systems, the length of the boom with extensions/attachments.

аааа Boom stop includes boom stops (belly straps with struts/standoff), telescoping boom stops, attachment boom stops, and backstops. These devices restrict the boom from moving above a certain maximum angle and toppling over backward.

аааа Boom suspension systems means a system of pendants, running ropes, sheaves, and other hardware which supports the boom tip and controls the boom angle.

аааа Braided wire rope means a wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes.

аааа Bridle wire rope sling means a sling composed of multiple legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.

аааа Builder means the builder/constructor of derricks.

аааа Cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint means a wire rope sling made endless from one continuous length of cable laid rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.

аааа Cable laid grommet-hand tucked means an endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of rope formed to make a body composed of six ropes around a rope core. The rope ends are tucked into the body, thus forming the core. No sleeves are used.

аааа Center of gravity means the center of gravity of any object is the point in the object around which its weight is evenly distributed. If you could put a support under that point, you could balance the object on the support.

аааа Certified crane inspector means a crane certifier accredited by the department.

аааа Certified welder means a welder who meets nationally recognized certification requirements applicable to the task being performed.

аааа Choker hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load, then through one loop eye, end fitting, or other device, with the other loop eye or end fitting attached to the lifting device. This hitch can be done with a sliding choker hook or similar device.

аааа Climbing means the process in which a tower crane is raised or lowered to a new working height, either by adding or removing tower sections to the top of the crane (top climbing), or by a system in which the entire crane is raised or lowered inside the structure (inside climbing).

аааа Come-a-long means a mechanical device typically consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end that is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage.

аааа Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

аааа Construction work means (for the purposes of this part) all or any part of excavation, construction, erection, alteration, repair, demolition, and dismantling of buildings and other structures and all related operations; the excavation, construction, alteration, and repair of sewers, trenches, caissons, conduits, pipelines, roads, and all related operations; the moving of buildings and other structures, and the construction, alteration, repair, or removal of wharfs, docks, bridges, culverts, trestles, piers, abutments, or any other related construction, alteration, repair, or removal work. Construction work does not include the normal day-to-day activities at manufacturing facilities or powerhouses.

аааа Controlled load lowering means lowering a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather that the load hoist brake, to lower the load.

аааа Controlling entity means an employer that is a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity which has the overall responsibility for the construction of the projects, its planning, quality, and completion.

аааа Counterjib (counterweight jib) means a horizontal member of the tower crane on which the counterweights and usually the hoisting machinery are mounted.

аааа Counterweight means weight used to supplement the weight of equipment in providing stability for lifting loads by counterbalancing those loads.

аааа Crane means power-operated equipment used in construction that can hoist, lower, and horizontally move a suspended load. "Crane" includes, but is not limited to: Articulating boom cranes, such as knuckle-boom cranes; crawler cranes; floating cranes; cranes on barges; locomotive cranes; mobile cranes, such as wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck mounted, and boom truck cranes; multipurpose machines when configured to hoist and lower by means of a winch or hook and horizontally move a suspended load; industrial cranes, such as carry-deck cranes; dedicated pile drivers; service/mechanic trucks with a hoisting device; a crane on a monorail; tower cranes, such as fixed jib, hammerhead boom, luffing boom, and self-erecting; pedestal cranes; portal cranes; overhead and gantry cranes; straddle cranes; side-boom tractors; derricks; and variations of such equipment.

аааа Crane/derrick type means cranes or derricks as established by American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Crane operator means an individual engaged in the operation of a crane.

аааа Crane level indicator means a device for determining true horizontal (also see safety devices).

аааа Crawler crane means equipment that has a type of base mounting which incorporates a continuous belt of sprocket driven track.

аааа Critical lift means a lift that:

аааа Х Exceeds seventy-five percent of the crane or derrick rated load chart capacity; or

аааа Х Requires the use of more than one crane or derrick.

аааа Cross rod means a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form a complete fabric. See Figure 22.

аааа Crossover points means locations on a wire rope which is spooled on a drum where one layer of rope climbs up on and crosses over the previous layer. This takes place at each flange of the drum as the rope is spooled onto the drum, reaches the flange, and begins to wrap back in the opposite direction.

аааа Dedicated channel means a line of communication assigned by the employer who controls the communication system to only one signal person and crane/derrick or to a coordinated group of cranes/derricks/signal persons.

аааа Dedicated drilling rig means a machine which creates bore holes and/or shafts in the ground.

аааа Dedicated pile-driver is a machine that is designed to function exclusively as a pile-driver. These machines typically have the ability to both hoist the material that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive that material.

аааа Dedicated spotter (power lines): To be considered a dedicated spotter, the requirements of WAC 296-155-53302 (Signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the power line and the equipment, the load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached.

аааа Derrick is an apparatus consisting of a mast or equivalent member held at the end by guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use with a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes.

аааа Design factor means the ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength and rated load.

аааа Digger derrick means a multipurpose vehicle-mounted machine which is primarily designed to accommodate components that dig holes, set poles, and position materials and apparatus.

аааа Directly under the load means a part or all of an employee is directly beneath the load.

аааа Dismantling includes partial dismantling (such as dismantling to shorten a boom or substitute a different component).

аааа Drum rotation indicator is a device on a crane or hoist which indicates in which direction and at what relative speed a particular hoist drum is turning.

аааа Electrical contact means when a person, object, or equipment makes contact or comes close in proximity with an energized conductor or equipment that allows the passage of current.

аааа Employer-made equipment means floating cranes/derricks designed and built by an employer for the employer's own use.

аааа Encroachment is where any part of the crane, load line or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) breaches a minimum clearance distance that this part requires to be maintained from a power line.

аааа Equipment criteria means instructions, recommendations, limitations and specifications.

аааа Fabric (metal mesh) means the flexible portion of the sling exclusive of end fittings consisting of a series of transverse spirals and cross rods.

аааа Fall protection equipment means guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems.

аааа Fall restraint system means a fall protection system that prevents the user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors, and other necessary equipment. The other components typically include a lanyard, and may also include a lifeline and other devices.

аааа Fall zone means the area (including, but not limited to, the area directly beneath the load) in which it is reasonably foreseeable that partially or completely suspended materials could fall in the event of an accident.

аааа Flange points means a point of contact between rope and drum flange where the rope changes layers.

аааа Floating cranes/derricks means equipment designed by the manufacturer (or employer) for marine use by permanent attachment to a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation.

аааа Free fall (of the load line) means when only the brake is used to regulate the descent of the load line (the drive mechanism is not used to drive the load down faster or retard its lowering).

аааа Free rated load test means testing stability and operation of crane, carrier, wheels, tires, tracks, brakes, etc., under load, when lifting without outriggers and/or traveling with the load are permitted at the activity for the type of crane being tested.

аааа Free surface effect is the uncontrolled transverse movement of liquids in compartments which reduce a vessel's transverse stability.

аааа Functional testing means the testing of a crane, typically done with a light load or no load, to verify the proper operation of a crane's primary function, i.e., hoisting, braking, booming, swinging, etc. A functional test is contrasted to testing the crane's structural integrity with heavy loads.

аааа Gin pole derrick means a boom without a mast which has guys arranged from its top to permit leaning the mast in one or more directions. The load is lifted and lowered by ropes reeved through sheaves or blocks at the top of the mast and the lower block.

аааа Ground conditions means the ability of the ground to support the crane/derrick (including slope, compaction, and firmness).

аааа Ground crew means those individuals who are involved in the personnel lift, other than the hoisting equipment operator and the platform occupants. These individuals include riggers, signal persons, and supervision.

аааа Gudgeon pins means a pin connecting the mast cap to the mast allowing rotation of the mast.

аааа Guy means a rope used to steady or secure the mast, boom, or other member in the desired position.

аааа Hairpin anchors means a hairpin-shaped, guy-supporting anchor that is placed in footings or walls before concrete is poured and held in place by the cured concrete.

аааа Hitch (hitched) means a method of rigging (attaching) a sling temporarily to a load or object for the purpose of lifting.

аааа Hoist means a mechanical device for lifting and lowering loads by winding rope onto or off a drum.

аааа Hoisting means the act of raising, lowering or otherwise moving a load in the air with equipment covered by this standard. As used in this standard, "hoisting" can be done by means other than wire rope/hoist drum equipment.

аааа Hoisting equipment means a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally. The machine may be fixed or mobile and be driven manually, by power, or by a combination of both.

аааа Hook latch means a mechanical device used to close the throat opening of a hook.

аааа Insulating link/device means an insulating device listed, labeled, or accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7.

аааа Intermediate rail means the middle member of a barrier along the edges of a platform, located approximately one-half the distance between the platform floor and top rail.

аааа Jib means an extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset to various angles in the vertical plane of the boom. For tower cranes, see boom (tower cranes).

аааа Land crane/derrick means equipment not originally designed by the manufacturer for marine use by permanent attachment to barges, pontoons, vessels, or other means of flotation.

аааа List means the angle of inclination about the longitudinal axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel, or other means of flotation.

аааа Live boom means a boom whose lowering is controlled by a brake without the aid of other lowering retarding devices (free-fall capable).

аааа Live load line means a load line whose lowering is controlled by a brake without the aid of other lowering retarding devices (free-fall capable).

аааа Load is the weight of the object being lifted or lowered, including the weight of the load-attaching equipment such as the load block, ropes, slings, shackles, and any other auxiliary attachment.

аааа Load moment (or rated capacity) indicator means a system which aids the equipment operator by sensing the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load X radius. It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and indicates to the operator the percentage of capacity at which the equipment is working. Lights, bells, or buzzers may be incorporated as a warning of an approaching overload condition.

аааа Load moment (or rated capacity) limiter means a system which aids the equipment operator by sensing the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load X radius. It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and when the rated capacity is reached, it shuts off power to those equipment functions which can increase the severity of loading on the equipment, e.g., hoisting, telescoping out, or luffing out. Typically, those functions which decrease the severity of loading on the equipment remain operational, e.g., lowering, telescoping in, or luffing in.

аааа Load ratings means a set of rated loads for stipulated hoisting equipment configurations and operating conditions.

аааа Load sustaining/bearing parts means those parts of a crane that support the crane or load and upon failure could cause dropping, uncontrolled shifting, or uncontrolled movement of the crane or load.

аааа Locomotive crane means a crane mounted on a base or car equipped for travel on a railroad track.

аааа Luffing boom is a member hinged to the rotating superstructure and used for supporting the hoisting tackle.

аааа Luffing jib limiting device is similar to a boom hoist limiting device, except that it limits the movement of the luffing jib.

аааа Marine worksite means a construction worksite located in, on or above the water.

аааа Master coupling link means an alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links.

аааа Master link means forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling.

аааа Mechanical coupling link (alloy steel chain) means a nonwelded, mechanically closed link used primarily to attach fittings to alloy steel chain.

аааа Mobile cranes means a lifting device incorporating a cable suspended latticed boom or hydraulic telescopic boom designed to be moved between operating locations by transport over the road. These are referred to in Europe as a crane mounted on a truck carrier.

аааа Moving point-to-point means the times during which an employee is in the process of going to or from a work station.

аааа Multipurpose machine means a machine that is designed to be configured in various ways, at least one of which allows it to hoist (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load. For example, a machine that can rotate and can be configured with removable forks/tongs (for use as a forklift) or with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch. When configured with the forks/tongs, it is not covered by this part. When configured with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch, it is covered by this part.

аааа Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up to five independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.

аааа Nationally recognized accrediting agency is an organization that, due to its independence and expertise, is widely recognized as competent to accredit testing organizations.

аааа Nonconductive means that, because of the nature and condition of the materials used, and the conditions of use (including environmental conditions and condition of the material), the object in question has the property of not becoming energized (that is, it has high dielectric properties offering a high resistance to the passage of current under the conditions of use).

аааа Nonstandard tower crane base means any deviation from the structural support or base configuration recommended by the crane manufacturer.

аааа Occasional or routine maintenance and repair work means regular, customary and foreseeable work necessary to keep equipment in good repair and/or condition. This also includes regular, customary and foreseeable work necessary to return equipment to sound condition after damage.

аааа Operational aid means an accessory that provides information to facilitate operation of a crane or that takes control of particular functions without action of the operator when a limiting condition is sensed. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, the following: Anti-two-block device, rated capacity indicator, rated capacity (load) limiter, boom angle or radius indicator, lattice boom hoist disconnect device, boom length indicator, drum rotation indicator, load indicator, and wind speed indicator.

аааа Operational controls means levers, switches, pedals and other devices for controlling equipment operation.

аааа Operator is a person who is operating the equipment.

аааа Outriggers means extendable or fixed members attached to the mounting base, which rests on supports at the outer ends, used to support the crane.

аааа Overhead/bridge and gantry cranes includes overhead/bridge cranes, cranes on monorails, under hung cranes, semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment, irrespective of whether it travels on tracks, wheels, or other means.

аааа Pendants includes both wire and bar types. Wire type: A fixed length of wire rope with mechanical fittings at both ends for pinning segments of wire rope together. Bar type: Instead of wire rope, a bar is used. Pendants are typically used in a latticed boom crane system to easily change the length of the boom suspension system without completely changing the rope on the drum when the boom length is increased or decreased.

аааа Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, and a body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these.

аааа Personnel lifting means raising, lowering, or transporting personnel using a crane/derrick.

аааа Personnel platform - Boom attached means a platform attached to the boom of the crane.

аааа Personnel platform - Suspended means a platform attached to a crane/derrick using wire rope, chain, or a jointed attachment and that has no installed motion controls for the platform itself.

аааа Personnel platform suspension system means the rope or chain slings and other components, including fastening devices, used to connect the crane/derrick to the personnel platform.

аааа Platform occupant means a person who is within the guardrail barrier while the personnel platform is in a hoisted position.

аааа Platform rating means the maximum capacity of a personnel lifting platform, established by the platform manufacturer, in terms of total weight and the number of occupants allowed.

аааа Portal crane is a type of crane consisting of a rotating upper structure, hoist machinery, and boom mounted on top of a structural gantry which may be fixed in one location or have travel capability. The gantry legs or columns usually have portal openings in between to allow passage of traffic beneath the gantry.

аааа Power controlled lowering means a system or device in the power train, other than the load hoist brake, that can regulate the lowering rate of speed of the load hoist mechanism.

аааа Powerhouse means a plant wherein electric energy is produced by conversion from some other form of energy (e.g., chemical, nuclear, solar, mechanical, or hydraulic) by means of suitable apparatus. This includes all generating station auxiliaries and other associated equipment required for the operation of the plant. Not included are stations producing power exclusively for use with communication systems.

аааа Power lines means electrical distribution and electrical transmission lines.

аааа Procedures include, but are not limited to: Instructions, diagrams, recommendations, warnings, specifications, protocols, and limitations.

аааа Proximity alarm is a device that provides a warning of proximity to a power line that has been listed, labeled or accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7.

аааа Qualified crane operator means a crane operator who meets the requirements established by the department under RCW 49.17.430.

аааа Qualified evaluator (not a third party) means a person employed by the signal person's or the rigger's employer (as applicable) who has demonstrated that he/she is competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the qualification requirements in this part for a signal person or a rigger.

аааа Qualified evaluator (third party) means an entity that, due to its independence and expertise, has demonstrated that it is competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the qualification requirements in this part for a signal person or a rigger.

аааа Qualified person means a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, successfully demonstrated the ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

аааа Qualified rigger is a rigger who meets the requirements in WAC 296-155-53306.

аааа Qualified signal person is a signal person who meets the requirements in WAC 296-155-53302.

аааа Range control limit device is a device that can be set by an equipment operator to limit movement of the boom or jib tip to a plane or multiple planes.

аааа Range control warning device is a device that can be set by an equipment operator to warn that the boom or jib tip is at a plane or multiple planes.

аааа Rated capacity means the maximum working load permitted by the manufacturer under specified working conditions. Such working conditions typically include a specific combination of factors such as equipment configuration, radii, boom length, and other parameters of use.

аааа Rated capacity indicator, see load moment indicator.

аааа Rated capacity limiter, see load moment limiter.

аааа Repetitive pickup points refer to, when operating on a short cycle operation, the rope being used on a single layer and being spooled repetitively over a short portion of the drum.

аааа Rotation resistant rope means a type of wire rope construction which reduces the tendency of a rope to rotate about its axis under load. Usually, this consists of an inner system of core strands laid in one direction covered by an outer system of strands laid in the opposite direction.

аааа RPE means a registered professional engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).

аааа RPSE means a registered professional structural engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).

аааа Running wire rope is a wire rope that moves over sheaves or drums.

аааа Runway means a firm, level surface designed, prepared and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.

аааа Safety devices, examples of safety devices are, but are not limited to, the following: Horn, boom/jib or trolley stops, crane level indicator, hydraulic holding device/check valve, rail clamps, rail stops, brakes, deadman control or forced neutral return control, emergency stop switch, guards, handrails, audible and visual alarms, etc.

аааа Safety or health standard means a standard adopted under this chapter.

аааа Section means a section of this part, unless otherwise specified.

аааа Side-boom crane means a track-type or wheel-type tractor having a boom mounted on the side of the tractor, used for lifting, lowering, or transporting a load suspended on the load hook. The boom or hook can be lifted or lowered in a vertical direction only.

аааа Sling means an assembly to be used for lifting when connected to a lifting mechanism. The upper portion of the sling is connected to the lifting mechanism and the lower supports the load, as described in this part.

аааа Special hazard warnings means warnings of site-specific hazards (for example, proximity of power lines).

аааа Spiral means a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated.

аааа Stability (flotation device) means the tendency of a barge, pontoons, vessel, or other means of flotation to return to an upright position after having been inclined by an external force.

аааа Stabilizer means an extendable or fixed member attached to the mounting base to increase the stability of the crane, but that may not have the capability of relieving all of the weight from the wheels or tracks.

аааа Standard method means the hand signals established in the applicable ASME B30 series and WAC 296-155-56400, Mobile crane hand signal chart.

аааа Standing wire rope means a supporting wire rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components connected by the wire rope.

аааа Superstructure: See upperworks.

аааа Supporting materials means blocking, mats, cribbing, marsh buggies (in marshes/wetlands), or similar supporting materials or devices.

аааа Taglines means a rope (usually fiber) attached to a lifted load for purposes of controlling load spinning and pendular motions or used to stabilize a bucket or magnet during material handling operations.

аааа Tender means an individual responsible for monitoring and communication with a diver.

аааа Tilt up or tilt down operation means raising/lowering a load from the horizontal to vertical or vertical to horizontal.

аааа Toe board means a vertical barrier at foot level, along the edges of the platform, to protect against material from falling over the edge.

аааа Top rail means the top member of a barrier along the edges of a platform to protect against persons from falling off the platform.

аааа Tower crane means a type of lifting structure which utilizes a vertical mast or tower to support a working boom (jib) in an elevated position. Loads are suspended from the working boom. While the working boom may be of the fixed type (horizontal or angled) or have luffing capability, it can always rotate to swing loads, either by rotating on the top of the tower (top slewing) or by the rotation of the tower (bottom slewing). The tower base may be fixed in one location or ballasted and moveable between locations. Mobile cranes that are configured with a luffing jib and/or tower attachments are not considered tower cranes under this part.

аааа Travel means the function of the hoisting equipment moving under its own power from one location to another.

аааа Travel bogie (tower cranes) means an assembly of two or more axles arranged to permit vertical wheel displacement and equalize the loading on the wheels.

аааа Trim means the angle of inclination about the transverse axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation.

аааа Two blocking means a condition in which a component that is uppermost on the hoist line such as the load block, hook block, overhaul ball, or similar component, comes in contact with the boom tip, fixed upper block or similar component. This binds the system and continued application of power can cause failure of the hoist rope or other component.

аааа Unavailable procedures means procedures that are no longer available from the manufacturer, or have never been available from the manufacturer.

аааа Upperstructure: See upperworks.

аааа Upperworks means the revolving frame of equipment on which the operating machinery (and many cases the engine) are mounted along with the operator's cab. The counterweight is typically supported on the rear of the upperstructure and the boom or other front end attachment is mounted on the front.

аааа Up to means "up to and including."

аааа Vertical hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the load is attached to the loop eye or end fitting at one end of the sling and the loop eye or end fitting at the other end is attached to the lifting device. Any hitch less than five degrees from the vertical may be considered a vertical hitch.

аааа Wire rope means a flexible rope constructed by laying steel wires into various patterns of multiwired strands around a core system to produce a helically wound rope.

аааа Working load means the external load applied to the hoisting equipment, including the personnel lifting platform, its contents, and the load attaching equipment, such as lowered load block, shackles, and slings.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.440, 49.17.060, and 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart CC. 12-01-086, з 296-155-52902, filed 12/20/11, effective 2/1/12. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 10-14-100, з 296-155-52902, filed 7/6/10, effective 9/1/10. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, 49.17.400, 49.17.410, 49.17.420, 49.17.430, and 49.17.440. 08-22-080, з 296-155-52902, filed 11/4/08, effective 1/1/10.]