WAC 296-54-505
Definitions. A-frame - a structure made
of two independent columns fastened together at the top and
separated by a reasonable width at the bottom to stabilize the
unit from tipping sideways.
An operation - any place where logging or log related
activities are taking place.
Approved - approved by the department of labor and
industries.
Arch - any device attached to the back of a vehicle and
used for raising one end of logs to facilitate movement.
Authorized person - a person approved or assigned by the
employer to perform a specific type of duty(s) or to be at a
specific location at a certain time(s).
Backcut (felling cut) - the cut in a felling operation
made on the opposite side from the undercut.
Backline - the portion of the haulback that runs between
the spar/spar tree and the corner block.
Ballistic nylon - a nylon fabric of high tensile
properties designed to provide protection from lacerations.
Barrier - a fence, wall or railing to prevent passage or
approach.
Base of tree - that portion of a natural tree not more
than three feet above ground level.
Bight of the line - a hazardous zone created by running
lines under tension. Any section of a line between the ends.
Binder - a hinged lever assembly for connecting the ends
of a wrapper to tighten the wrapper around the load of logs or
materials.
Boomboat - any boat used to push or pull logs, booms,
bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.
Boomscooter - a small boat, usually less than fourteen
feet in length, equipped with an outboard motor, having
directional pushing capabilities of 360 degrees.
Brailing - when tiers of logs, poles, or piles are
fastened together with a type of dogline and the ends of the
side members are then fastened together for towing.
Brow log - a log or a suitable substitute placed parallel
to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and
facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber
products, or materials.
Buck - means the process of severing a tree into sections
(logs or bolts).
Butt - the bottom of the felled part of a tree.
Butt welding - the practice of welding something end to
end.
Cable tree thinning - the selective thinning of a timber
stand using mobile yarding equipment specifically designed or
adapted for the purpose. Cable tree thinning includes
skyline, slackline, or modified slackline, overhead cable
systems.
Cable yarding - the movement of felled trees or logs from
the area where they are felled to the landing on a system
composed of a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The
trees or logs may be either dragged across the ground on the
cable or carried while suspended from the cable.
Chock - a block, often wedge shaped, which is used to
prevent movement; e.g., a log from rolling, a wheel from
turning.
Choker - a length of wire rope with attachments for
encircling the end of a log to be yarded.
Chunking - to clear nonusable material from a specified
area.
Cold deck - a pile of yarded logs left for future
removal.
Competent person - one who is capable of identifying
hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are
unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous.
Corner block - the first block the haulback passes
through on its way to the tail block.
Crotch line - two short lines attached to the same ring
or shackle, used for loading or unloading.
Cutter - an employee whose primary job is to fall, buck,
or limb trees before they are moved to the landing area.
Danger trees - any tree of any height, dead or alive,
that presents a hazard to workers because of rot, root, stem
or limb damage, lean, or any other observable condition
created by natural process or man-made activity.
Dapped - a notch in a timber for receiving part of
another timber.
DBH - diameter at breast height.
Deadman - buried log or other object used as an anchor.
Debark - to remove bark from trees or logs. Debark
generally denotes mechanical means as opposed to manual
peeling.
Deck - a stack of trees or logs.
Designated person - an employee who has the requisite
knowledge, training, and experience to perform specific
duties.
Directional falling - a mechanical means to control the
direction of falling timber.
Dog line - type of line used to fasten logs or timber
products together by the use of dogs.
Domino felling - the partial cutting of multiple trees
which are left standing and then pushed over with a pusher
tree.
Donkey - any machine with a series of drums used to yard
logs.
Double ended logs - two logs end to end on the same lay.
Drop zone - the area where the helicopter delivers logs
from the logging site.
Droplines - a short line attached to the carriage or
carriage block which is used as an extension to the main line.
Drum - a mechanical device on which line is spooled or
unspooled.
Dry land storage - decks of logs stored for future
removal or use.
Dutchman -
• A block used to change direction of line lead
(sideblocking).
• A method used to pull a tree against its lean by
leaving a section of the undercut on one corner of the face. The portion left consists of a single saw kerf in one side of
the face, with the face completely removed on the opposite
side of the face cut. A single saw kerf must never extend
completely across the stump.
Experienced person - a person who has been trained and
has participated in the subject process for a period of time
long enough to thoroughly acquaint the person with all facets
of the process.
F.O.P.S. - falling object protective structure.
Fair lead - sheaves, rolls, or a combination thereof
arranged to receive a line coming from any direction for
proper line spooling on to a drum.
Fell (fall) - to cut down trees.
Feller (faller) - an employee who fells trees.
Front end loader - a mobile machine mounted on a wheeled
or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tusk, bucket, or
fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading,
stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.
Grounded - the placement of a component of a machine on
the ground or on a device where it is firmly supported. Grounded may also relate to the placement of a tree on the
ground or a method to dissipate static or electrical charges.
Guarded - covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or
otherwise protected by means of suitable enclosures, covers,
casings, shields, troughs, railings, screens, mats, or
platforms, or by location, to prevent injury.
Guard rail - a railing to restrain a person.
Guyline - a line used to support or stabilize a spar,
tail/lift tree, intermediate support tree or equipment. A
guyline is considered a standing line.
Gypsy drum - a mechanical device wherein the line is not
attached to the drum and is manually spooled to control the
line movement on and off the drum.
Haulback - a line used to pull the buttrigging and
mainline to the logs to be yarded.
Haulback block - any block the haulback line passes
through including the corner block and tailblock.
Hay rack -
• A type of loading boom where two tongs are used and
logs are suspended.
• A transporting vehicle with multiple sets of bunks
attached to a rigid frame usually used for hauling logs.
Haywire - see strawline.
Hazardous falling area - the area within a circle
centered on the tree being felled and having a radius not less
than twice the height of that tree.
Head tree - the tree where yarding and/or loading takes
place. (See spar)
Heel boom - a type of loading boom where one tong is used
and one end of the log is pulled up against the boom.
High lead - a system of logging wherein the main line is
threaded through the main line block, which is attached near
the top of the spar, to obtain a lift of the logs being
yarded.
High visibility colors - white, bright, or fluorescent
colors that stand out from the surrounding background color so
they are easily seen.
Hobo log and/or hitchhiker - a free or unattached log
that is picked up by a turn and is transported with the turn.
Hooktender - the worker that supervises the method of
moving the logs from the woods to the landing.
Hot deck - a landing where logs are being moved.
Hydraulic jack - a mechanical device, powered by internal
pressure, used to control the direction in which a tree is to
be felled.
In the clear - a position within the work area where the
probability of hazardous contact with falling trees, moving
logs, rootwads, chunks, material, rigging and equipment is
minimized by distance from the hazards and/or use of physical
barriers, such as stumps, trees, terrain or other objects
providing protection.
Examples:
• Back behind on the uphill side of the turn and out of
reach of any upending logs.
• Out of the bight.
• In the logged off area.
• In a position where movement will not be obstructed.
Intermediate support system - a system for supporting a
loaded skyline in a support jack by one of the two following
methods:
• Double tree support - the skyline is suspended on a
single piece of wire rope supported by two trees so that the
load is shared between the two trees.
• Single tree support - the skyline is suspended on a
single piece of wire rope, single-eyed choker or double-eyed
strap supported by a single tree. The support tree may be
vertical or leaning.
Jackstrawed - trees or logs piled in an unorderly manner.
Jaggers - any projecting broken wire in a strand of
cable.
Kerf - the part of timber products taken out by the saw
teeth.
Knob - a metal ferrule attached to the end of a line.
Landing - any place where logs are laid after being
yarded, awaiting subsequent handling, loading, and hauling.
Landing chute - the head of the skid trail or road where
the logs are temporarily placed before handling, loading and
hauling.
Lay -
• The straight-line distance it takes a strand of wire
rope to make one complete spiral around the core of a rope.
• The position of a log in a pile, on a load, or in the
fell and bucked.
Limbing - to cut branches off felled or standing trees.
Loading boom - any structure projecting from a pivot
point to guide a log when lifted.
Lodged tree (hung tree) - a tree leaning against another
tree or object which prevents it from falling to the ground.
Log - a tree segment suitable for subsequent processing
into lumber, pulpwood, or other wood products, including, but
not limited to, poles, piling, peeler blocks, sections and/or
bolts.
Log bronco - a sturdily built boat usually from twelve to
twenty feet in length, used to push logs or bundles of logs in
a generally forward direction in booming and rafting
operations.
Log dump - a place where logs are removed from
transporting equipment. It may be either dry land or water,
parbuckled over a brow log or removed by machine.
Log stacker - a mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or
tracked chassis, equipped with a frontally mounted grapple,
tusk, or forklift device, and employed in the loading,
unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs.
Logging machine - a machine used or intended for use to
yard, move, or handle logs, trees, chunks, trailers, and
related materials or equipment.
Note:
A self-loading log truck is only considered a logging machine when in use for loading and unloading.
Note:
A helicopter is not considered a logging machine.
Logging operations - operations associated with felling
and/or moving trees, logs, veneer bolts, poles, pilings, and
other forest products from the stump to the point of delivery.
Such operations are such, but not limited to, marking,
felling, bucking, limbing, debarking, chipping, yarding,
loading, unloading, storing, and the transporting of machines,
equipment and personnel from one site to another.
Long sticks - an overlength log or tree length that
creates a hazard by exceeding the safe perimeters of the
landing.
Machine - a piece of stationary or mobile equipment
having a self-contained power plant, that is operated off-road
and used for the movement of material. Machines include but
are not limited to tractors, skidders, front-end loaders,
scrapers, graders, bulldozers, rough terrain logging shovels,
log stackers and mechanical felling devices, such as tree
shears and feller-bunchers.
Mainline - the line attached to the buttrigging used to
pull logs to the landing.
Mainline block - the block hung in the portable spar or
tower through which the mainline passes.
Mainline train - any train that is made up for travel
between the woods and log dump.
Matchcutting - the felling of trees without using an
undercut.
Mechanized falling - falling of standing timber by a
self-propelled mobile wheeled or tracked machine equipped with
a shear or other powered cutting device.
Mechanized feller - any such machine as described in WAC 296-54-541 and 296-54-543, and includes feller/bunchers and
similar machines performing multiple functions.
Mechanized logging machine - a feller-buncher,
single-grip harvester, processor, forwarder, clambunk, or log
loader.
Mobile log loader - a self-propelled log loading machine
mounted on wheels or tracks, incorporating a boom and employed
in the loading or unloading of logs by means of grapples or
tongs.
Mobile yarder - a logging machine mounted on wheels,
tracks, or skids, incorporating a vertical or inclined spar,
tower, or boom, employed in skyline, slackline, high lead or
grapple overhead cable logging systems.
Molle - a single strand of wire rope rolled into a circle
with six wraps. A molle can be used as a temporary method of
connecting the eye splices of two lines. A molle is used in
most pin shackles in place of a cotter key.
Must - the same as "shall" and is mandatory.
New job site - a location of operations when the loading
station and/or the yarder or cutting operations are moved to a
new area outside of the current sale or contracted unit.
Pass line - a small line threaded through a block at the
top of the spar to assist the high climber.
Permissible (as applied to any device, equipment or
appliance) - such device, equipment, or appliance has the
formal approval of the United States Bureau of Mines, American
Standards Association, or National Board of Fire Underwriters.
Portable spar or tower - a movable engineered structure
designed to be used in a manner similar to which a wood spar
tree would be used.
Qualified person - a person, who by possession of a
recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or by
extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has
successfully demonstrated ability to solve or resolve problems
relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Rated capacity - the maximum load a system, vehicle,
machine or piece of equipment was designed by the manufacturer
to handle.
Reach - a steel tube or wood timber or pole connected to
the truck and inserted through a tunnel on the trailer. It
steers the trailer when loaded and pulls the trailer when
empty.
Reload - an area where logs are dumped and reloaded or
transferred as a unit to another mode of transportation.
Rollway - any place where logs are dumped and they roll
or slide to their resting place.
Root wad - the ball of a tree root and dirt that is
pulled from the ground when a tree is uprooted.
R.O.P.S. - roll over protection structure.
Rub tree - a tree used to guide a turn around an area.
Running line/running rope - any moving line directly
involved with the yarding of logs.
Safety factor - the ratio of breaking strength to a safe
working strength or loading.
Safety glass - a type of glass that will not shatter when
broken.
Sail block - a block hung inverted on the sail guy to
hold the tong block in proper position.
Scaler - the person who measures the diameter and length
of the logs, determines specie and grade, and makes deductions
for footage calculations.
Serviceable condition - a state or ability of a tool,
machine, vehicle or other device to operate as it was intended
by the manufacturer to operate.
Shall - a requirement that is mandatory.
Shear log - a log placed in a strategic location to
divert passage of objects.
Shore skids - any group of timbers spaced a short
distance apart on which logs are rolled.
Should - means recommended.
Signal person - the person designated to give signals to
the machine operator.
Siwash - to change the lead of a line with a physical
object such as a stump or tree instead of a block.
Skidder - a machine or animal used to move logs or trees
to a landing.
Skidding - movement of logs or trees on the surface of
the ground to the place where they are to be loaded.
Skidding line - the main haulage line from a carriage to
which chokers are attached. Sometimes referred to a mainline.
Skyline - the line suspended between two points on which
a block or carriage travels.
Slackline - a form of skyline where the skyline cable is
spooled on a donkey drum and can be raised or lowered.
Slack puller - any weight or mechanical device used to
increase the movement of a line when its own weight is
inadequate.
Slope (grade) - the increase or decrease in altitude over
a horizontal distance expressed as a percentage. For example,
change of altitude of 20 feet (6 m) over a horizontal distance
of 100 feet (30 m) is expressed as a 20 percent slope.
Snag - a dead standing tree or a portion thereof. (See
Danger tree)
Snorkel - a loading boom modified to extend its
limitations for yarding.
Spar/spar tree - a tree or device (rigged for highlead,
skyline or slackline yarding) used to yard logs by any method
of logging.
Speeder - a small self-powered vehicle that runs on a
railroad track.
Spike - a long heavy nail similar to a railroad spike.
Springboard - a board with an iron tip used by fallers to
stand on while working above ground level.
Spring pole - a tree, segment of a tree, limb, or sapling
which is under stress or tension due to the pressure or weight
of another object.
Square lead - the angle of 90 degrees.
Squirrel - a weight used to swing a boom when the power
unit does not have enough drums to do it mechanically.
Squirrel tree - a topped tree, guyed if necessary, near
the spar tree in which the counter balance (squirrel) of a
tree rigged boom is hung.
Standing line -
• Guyline
• A nonoperating rope with end terminations to support a
boom or mast.
Stiff boom - two or more boom sticks wrapped together on
which boom persons walk or work.
Strap - any short piece of line with an eye or "D" in
each end.
Strap socket or D - a socket with a closed loop arranged
to be attached to the end of a line by the molten zinc, or an
equivalent method. It is used in place of a spliced eye.
Strawline - a light cable used in rigging up, or in
moving other cables or blocks. The smallest line on the
yarder. (Mainline - haulback line - strawline.)
Strip - a definite location of timber on which one or
more cutting crews work.
Swamping - the falling or cutting of brush around or
along a specified place.
Swede connection - a line configuration made by wrapping
two choker lines in the same direction around a tree or log
connecting the line knobs to opposite line bells.
Swifter - a piece of equipment used to tie the side
sticks of a log raft together to keep the raft from spreading.
Swing cut - an intentional dutchman left on one corner of
an undercut or a backcut in which the holding wood on one side
is cut through in conjunction with an intentional dutchman to
achieve a desired lay for the tree being fell.
Tail block - a block used to guide the haulback line at
the back corner of the yarding area.
Tail hold - an anchor used for making fast any line or
block.
Tail/lift tree - the tree at the opposite end from the
head tree on which the skyline or other type rigging is hung.
Tie back - to use a twister(s) (or similar system/device)
that has a breaking strength equal to fifty percent of the
breaking strength of the mainline or skyline whichever is
greater. To secure or support one anchor by securing it to a
second anchor(s) such as wrapping one stump and choking
another.
Tie down - a chain, cable, steel strips or fiber webbing
and binders attached to a truck, trailer or other conveyance
as a means to secure loads and to prevent them from shifting
or moving when they are being transported.
Tight line - when either the mainline or haulback are
held and power is exerted on the other or when power is
exerted on both at the same time.
Tong line block - the block hung in a boom through which
the tong line operates.
Tongue - a device used to pull and/or steer a trailer.
Topping - cutting off the top section of a standing tree.
Tower - (see portable spar or tower).
Tractor - a machine of wheel or track design used in
logging.
Tractor logging - the use of any wheeled or tracked
vehicle in the skidding or yarding of logs.
Transfer (as used in loading) - changing of logs in a
unit from one mode of transportation to another.
Tree jack - a grooved saddle of wood or metal rollers
contained within two steel plates, attached to a tree with a
strap, used as a guide for skyline, sail guy, or similar
static line. It is also formed to prevent a sharp bend in the
line.
Tree plates - steel bars sometimes shaped as elongated
J's, which are fastened near the top of a tree to hold
guylines and prevent them from cutting into the tree when
tightened. The hooks of the J are also used to prevent the
mainline block strap from sliding down the tree.
Tree pulling - a method of falling trees in which the
tree is pulled down with a line.
Tug - a boat, usually over twenty feet in length, used
primarily to pull barges, booms of logs, bags of debris, or
log rafts.
Turn - any log or group of logs attached by some means to
power and moved from a point of rest to a landing.
Twister - a line (usually small diameter wire rope
"haywire") that supports a tailhold stump, guyline stump, or
tree that does not appear to be strong enough. This is done
by connecting the tailhold to another stump or tree opposite
by wrapping the two with a line. This line is then tightened
by placing a piece of large-diameter limb between the
wrappings and twisting them together.
TWISTER ROPE
Undercut - a notch cut in a tree to guide the direction
of the tree fall and to prevent splitting or kickback.
V-lead - a horizontal angle of less than ninety degrees
formed by the projected lines of the mainline from the drum of
the logging machine through the block or fairlead and the
yarding log or turn.
Vehicle/crew bus - a car, bus, truck, trailer or
semi-trailer owned, leased, or rented by the employer that is
used for transportation of employees or movement of material.
WAC - Washington Administrative Code.
Waistline - that portion of the haulback running between
the corner block and the tail block.
Winching - the winding of cable or rope onto a spool or
drum.
Within the stakes - when one-half the log diameter is
below the stake top.
Work areas - any area frequented by employees in the
performance of assigned or related duties.
Wrapper - a cable assembly or chain used to contain a
load of logs.
Wrapper rack - barrier used to protect a person while
removing binders and wrappers from a loaded logging truck.
Yarder (donkey) - a machine with a series of drums used
to yard logs.
Yarding - the movement of logs from the place they are
felled to a landing.
