MRSC Newsletter - June 1998

MRSC PUBLICATIONS › NEWS › MRSC Newsletter - June 1998

Note: Some of the information on this archival Web page may no longer be current.

Municipal Research News

Resources for Local Government
June 1998

Articles

Sewer and Storm Water Conservation and Efficiencly Loans Now Authorized
Heads Up - Emerging Information for Local Government
The Local Government Comparative Statistics Project
Wireless Telecommunications Workshop
Web News
Web Page Update
Ask MRSC
Census 2000 Means Money to Your Community
New Library and Information Services Unit
Information Technology Survey '98
Internet Use and E-Mail Policies
MRSC on CD
Resource Sharing - Information Partnership Program
New Acquisitions
Archives and Record Management
Thank you

Sewer and Storm Water Conservation and Efficiency Loans Now Authorized

Legislation was passed in 1998 implementing the constitutional amendment approved by voters in November 1997 allowing municipal storm water and sewer utilities to make loans for storm water and sewer conservation and efficiency (Chapter 31, Laws of 1998). Counties, cities, towns, and special districts can now use utility operating revenues to assist homeowners and businesses in acquiring and installing materials and equipment that will conserve or allow for more efficient use of municipal storm water and sewer services. The amendment to the state constitution expands the authority already available for energy ("weatherization") and water conservation assistance, and establishes that these loans are not an improper loan of public credit. The loans provide another tool for local governments to work with utility customers in improving municipal water, sewer, and storm water services to better address the critical water quality and habitat conservation issues facing our state.

Examples of Storm Water and Sewer System Conservation Loan Programs

What types of loans will be allowed under the constitutional amendment and its implementing legislation? The full scope of the types of loans that may be authorized is not entirely clear. However, the language of the implementing law, its legislative history, and the description of the purpose of the amendment in the state voters' pamphlet provide guidance on the types of loans authorized. Loans for other new and creative ideas that facilitate storm water and sewer service conservation and efficiency may require additional review by your city attorney or county prosecutor.

The legislature expressly noted that the loans "will allow necessary improvements to be made to storm water and sewer services so that less pollution is discharged into the waters of the state, less treatment will be needed, and capacity for existing treatment systems will be saved." If your county or city can explain how use or installation of materials or equipment by homeowners or businesses using storm water and sewer services will result in less pollution being discharged into the water and create less demand for treatment services, you may have a good candidate for loans!

The most obvious candidates for utility loans are financing connection charges to public sewers. Frequently mentioned are loan programs to finance the costs of disconnecting and closing on-site septic systems and construction of side sewers to connect to the municipal sewer system. Increasing the number of sewer utility customers provides system efficiencies. Decreasing reliance on septic systems may prevent pollutants in storm water and groundwater, thereby reducing the need for water treatment and other more costly measures to remedy resulting water quality problems. Preventing nonpoint source pollution can be a cost-effective way of improving water quality.

Based on a review of the legislation and legislative history, loans to finance equipment and materials for the following appear to be acceptable:

Side sewer connection fees to encourage connection to sewers
Construction, repair, or upgrades to side sewers
Conversion from on-site septic systems to a public sewer system
Pre-treatment devices for discharges into sanitary and storm sewers
Best management practice (BMP) devices required or recommended for wastewater discharge permits
Grease interceptor devices
Oil separator devices that reduce pollutants entering the storm sewer

Other purposes for the loans may include:

Equipment to allow storm water downspout disconnection from the sewer system and diversion of roof water runoff into on-site drainage facilities
On-site septic management systems
Biofiltration devices for storm water runoff entering municipal systems
Vehicle oil pans to prevent leakage of automobile engine oil into storm sewers
Domestic pet waste disposal/storage/composters to reduce or prevent nitrates and fecal coliform reaching ground waters
Filters to reduce soil sediments and other pollutants carried in water runoff
Other devices preventing polluted water runoff reaching municipal storm and sewer drains
Other equipment and materials that implement requirements or recommendations for nonpoint source pollution prevention under storm water management plans, water pollution control practices for homeowners and small farm operators, urban erosion control practices, prevention of sediments in irrigation practices, "total maximum daily load" (TMDL) water cleanup plans, or "best management practices," (BMPs) and "all known, available and reasonable methods of prevention, control, and treatment" (AKART) for implementation of groundwater quality standards

A review of similar loan programs for water conservation and energy conservation or weatherization may provide useful examples for the mechanics of implementing a loan program.

Importance of Nonpoint Source Pollution Programs

Failing septic systems, urban storm water runoff, and agricultural practices such as poorly managed dairy farms are significant sources of water pollution. The new sewer and storm water conservation loan authorization provides an opportunity to finance solutions addressing these "nonpoint" sourcesCor the cumulative effects of many diffuse activities. Although federal and state wastewater discharge requirements may not directly apply, the best management practices and other storm water management requirements for individual, model, and general wastewater discharge permits and other groundwater protection requirements may provide examples of equipment and materials eligible for storm water and sewer system conservation and efficiency loans.

Clean water loan programs may prove useful in implementing storm water management programs, water cleanup plans under the clean water laws, and other water quality and groundwater management programs. These loan programs also may help to satisfy the habitat improvement and conservation plan requirements necessary to avoid listings of salmon species as threatened and endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Several provisions of the 1997 law relate specifically to on-site sewage disposal systems. A primary purpose of the legislation was to facilitate the siting of new alternative on-site septic systems and to assist local governments in promoting efficient operation of on-site septic systems. The law specifically allows on-site septic system services to be operated as part of the local utility services.

The 1997 law also provides counties additional flexibility in managing various storm water, sewerage, and water quality programs, including: chapters 36.89 (storm water utilities); 86.12 and 86.13 (flood control); 36.36 (aquifer protection); 36.61 (lake management protection districts); 85.05, 85.08, 85.15, 85.16, and 85.18 (diking, drainage, and sewerage improvement districts); and 90.72 (shellfishprotection districts) RCW.

What are Counties and Cities Doing?

MRSC is collecting examples of loan programs implementing storm water and sewer service conservation and efficiency measures. The city of Redmond has already established a loan program to finance sanitary sewer connection charges to encourage homeowners to eliminate on-site septic systems and connect to the city sewer system.

The city of Mercer Island is looking at the possibility of financing construction and/or upgrades to on-site storm water detention facilities to improve runoff water quality and reduce demand on city storm sewers.

The city of Tacoma has expanded the duties of their Utility Customer Advisory Panel to include development of a clean water loan program. Tacoma is actively researching the types of materials and equipment that could be offered to sewer and storm water utility customers to reduce storm and sewer water volumes and treatment demands on the city's utility. Tacoma hopes to generate a list of items appropriate for loans. Among those being considered are "best management practices" equipment necessary to satisfy additional pre-treatment requirements for businesses in accordance with the conditions of the general wastewater discharge permit covering the city. The State Department of

issued this permit as a combined federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and state wastewater discharge permit.

Spokane County Utilities is considering the possibility of a loan program to finance the costs of connecting existing homes served by on-site septic to the sanitary sewer. The city of Vancouver also is looking at the possibility of a loan program to finance the costs of converting residences on failing and substandard septic systems to public sewer.

MRSC encourages you to let us know what you are doing so that we can make the information available to other local governments!

The following related information is available from MRSC:

Web Sites

"Endangered Species: Salmon" - MRSC's Web page providing information, resources, and links on the Endangered Species Act and the Washington State Salmon Strategy, from a localgovernment perspective (http://www.mrsc.org/Subjects/environment/esa/salmon.aspx)
"Implementation Guidance for the Ground Water Quality Standards," DOE Publication No. 96-02, April 1996 - Describes guidance for implementing the State Ground Water Quality Standards of Chapter 173-200 WAC, including "all known, available, and reasonable methods of prevention, control, and treatment" (AKART) and "best management practices" (BMPs) (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/96002.html)
"Washington's Nonpoint Strategy," DOE Publication No. WQ-95-74, June 1996
"Waste Discharge Permit Development: Individual Permits, General Permits, and Model Permits" (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/genperm.html)
"Water Quality Guide: Recommended Pollution Control Practices for Homeowners and Small Farm Operators," DOE Publication No. 87-30 (Revised), November 1994 (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/wqguide/index.html)

Selections from the MRSC Library on Conservation and Efficiency Loan Programs, Storm Water and Sewer Utilities, and Nonpoint Source Pollution Programs

Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Handbook for Local Governments, American Planning Association, 1997 [UW 7.5000 PAS476 1997]
"Controlling Urban Runoff: Designing a Nonpoint Source Management Program," Chapter 2, from Urbanization and Water Quality: A Guide to Protecting the Urban Environment, Terrene Institute and EPA, March 1994 [US 5.0000/U723/1994]
City of Redmond Ordinance No. 1973, enacted March 3, 1998, establishing a loan program to finance sewer connection charges (as authorized by HJR 4209)

Marya Silvernale
Legal Consultant

Heads Up - Emerging Information for Local Government

This column is designed to present information about interesting new trends and developments affecting local governments.

Aging in Place

According to Census Bureau projections, Washington is one of eight states in which the elderly population (age 65 and over) is expected to double between 1993 and 2020. Some of this growth will come from "in-migration," with retirees moving here from other states. But most future retirees are probably already living here, or will move to the state during their working years.

Contrary to common perceptions, most elderly do not move, and those who do move tend not to move far away. Between 1992 and 1993, only 3 percent of the elderly moved far enough away to change their county of residence. An even smaller percentage (1 percent) moved to another state. This probably means that your community will need to respond to a population that is aging in place. Elderly residents demand different services and facilities than their younger neighbors. (Kristen A. Hansen, U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Geographic Mobility: March 1992 to March 1993", Current Population Reports, P20-481, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994.)

Computer leasing

Many governments are now leasing rather purchasing their computers ("The Leasing Option," Governing, May 1998). Computer obsolescence is accelerating as new and faster technologies become available at lower costs more quickly than ever. The growth of networks and the proliferation of desktop computers may give another edge to leasing over outright purchase. With leasing, agencies are forced to standardize around a few models and software packages. This simplifies network administration and reduces the costs of planning, acquisition, installation, technical support, upgrades, training, and consulting. Perhaps the real payoff, however, is improved productivity. When five-year old computers start crashing, employees waste valuable time trying to fix the problem themselves or waiting for a technician. Leasing gives users more reliable technology that does not break down as often. The introduction of newer, faster, more powerful tools can also boost employee morale.

According to the Gartner Group, only 30 percent of the real cost of one PC is related to capital expenditures. The remaining 70 percent are labor expenses for such services as help desks, training, network operation, maintenance, managerial oversight, purchasing, and end user costs (such as the time computer users spend maintaining their computers, trying to fix technical problems, or using office computers to conduct personal business). Leasing can lower the costs of ongoing support and maintenance.

Flashing Crosswalks in Kirkland Get Citizen Thumbs-Up

An experimental crosswalk warning system installed at two locations by the city of Kirkland has drawn a positive response from both pedestrians and motorists. The crosswalks have specialized pavement "buttons" that light up and flash when activated by pressing a switch located by the curb.

(For further information contact Dave Godfrey, Public Works Traffic Engineer, city of Kirkland, at (425) 828-1214).

Wages are Up

After two decades of increasingly lean times, workers are finally getting a break. Real earnings for production and nonsupervisory workers rose in 1997, the first significant gain in more than 20 years according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Low inflation takes primary credit for the increase. The Consumer Price Index rose a slight 2.3 percent between 1996 and 1997, less than the modest 3.5 percent increase in wages.

Hourly wages peaked in 1973 in inflation-adjusted dollars. Nominal wages have continued to rise, but have been outpaced by long-term inflation. Between 1973 and 1996, adjusted hourly earnings have fallen 15 percent. The Bureau’s wage survey includes production and nonsupervisory payroll employees. It does not include managers, executives, and the self-employed. Earnings do not include bonuses, benefits, and other nonwage income. For more information visit the Current Employment Statistics page at the Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site, http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm, or call (202)606-6555. (American Demographics, May 1998)

All American City Candidates

Congratulations to Longview and Tacoma for making the cut as two of the 30 finalists in the 1998 "All American City Award" competition. Now in its forty-ninth year, the program annually honors ten communities that exemplify grassroots problem solving. Teams from the finalist cities will travel to Mobile, Alabama, June 18-20, to present their success stories before awards juries. The ten winning communities will be announced at the end of the conference.

The Local Government Comparative Statistics Project

Do you want to see a comparative list of the revenues and expenditures by type for any cities and counties you choose? Do you want to compare your revenue trends to other cities or counties of your size? Would you like to see if your expenditures on streets and/or criminal justice are similar to the statewide average? You can find this and more at a new Web site sponsored by the Washington State Auditor's Office. By the way, others can see your information as well, going back to 1992.

The State Auditor's Office, LEAP (Legislative Evaluation and Accountability Program) Committee, and many workgroup members have been working for about 18 months on a project to bring local government comparative statistics to the Internet. The project started out as a response to a question from the Washington State Legislature: "How can we determine the impact of devolution on our local governments?" Frustrated by numerous and confusing sourcesof local government financial information, the Senate Ways and Means Committee asked LEAP to explore the alternatives. Since the Budgeting, Accounting, and Reporting System (BARS) was initially developed to provide just this kind of information to the legislature, that is where the LEAP committee looked first. After many hours work, the workgroup assembled by LEAP presented its report to the Senate Ways and Means Committee in February 1997. It concluded that much could be done to provide reliable financial information about cities, counties, and other local governments by using the BARS system. As a result, the legislature provided $500,000 in funding for the biennium to develop the BARS comparative statistics into a reliable and accessible system on the Internet.

The State Auditor's Office (SAO) has taken the lead in developing a prototype system to provide the information via the Internet. A link to the current prototype model, along with the report mentioned above, is available on the Finance page of the MRSC Web site (www.mrsc.org). You will see the data is basically classified in one of three ways: first, data that has been sent to SAO and verified as appearing accurate; sEcond, data that has been sent, but not verified by SAO (with the help of the local entity) and marked as unverified; third, holes will appear for those entities that have not sent the required information (mostly audit schedules 4 & 5) to the State Auditor. You may find that a local newspaper wants to know why your information is missing or unverified.

In the coming months, the workgroup will be building on the prototype to produce a model that, among other things, will have more revenue and expenditure detail and will calculate per capita amounts automatically. This enhanced version will provide useful information only if cities and counties verify their data. That task is time-consuming, but we urge local government officials to make this effort a priority on the work program of the relevant staff.

Mike Bailey
Finance Director
City of Everett

Wireless Telecommunications Workshop

June 24 - Seattle

MRSC, the Puget Sound Regional Council, and the seven wireless communications providers operating in the Puget Sound basin are sponsoring a workshop on wireless telecommunications regulation to be held June 24, in the Olympic Room, at Seattle Center. Mark your calendars! The workshop begins at 8:30 a.m. and includes a box lunch. Program particulars and registration information is available through the MRSC Web site (www.mrsc.org).

Representatives of the wireless telecommunications providers will explain their technology and facility needs and where they feel the technology is headed. Local government planners will discuss the various approaches they have taken and experiences they have had in regulating the siting of wireless facilities. Other topics will include the future development of wirelesstechnology and the battle in Olympia over state legislation.

In addition to planners, it is hoped that this workshop will draw city and county policy makers and attorneys working on telecommunications issues.

Web News (www.mrsc.org)

MRSC organized two classes at the Big Bend Community College in Moses Lake for city officials and staff interested in learning about the Internet and the MRSC Web site. Seventeen attendees from surrounding cities and towns learned how to search the Web for local government information, and how to use the MRSC Web site. Based on the success of this trial, MRSC plans to organize similar classes at community colleges around the state beginning in the fall. Watch for an announcement in the mail and on the MRSC Web site.

The MRSC home page now sports a new look. The Focus section (monthly online newsletter) continues to appear prominently on the page and includes the Inquiry of the Week. We have increased the prominence of the search features and the list of main subjects to help you find the information you are seeking. In addition, the alphabetical "Site Index" lists most of the topics and features of the site. If you do not find what you are looking for, please feel free to contact MRSC either by E-mail or by phone.

Recently, we have added an extensive page on local government organization and structure in Washington State, and an overview of county revenues. We also continue to add sample local government documents, including the Clark County 20-Year Comprehensive Growth Management Plan, a compilation on design review provisions, grant information resources, additional Internet and E-mail usage policies, the Washington Model Traffic Ordinance, the Redmond Community Development Guide, the Redmond Comprehensive Plan, and the full text of three additional municipal codes: Renton, Normandy Park, and Sumner.

As usual, MRSC staff will be demonstrating the Web site at the AWC Annual Conference (June 16-19) this year at the Tacoma Sheraton. We look forward to seeing you there.

Fred Ward
Manager of Library & Information Services

Web Page Update

Proposed Salmon Listings Under Endangered Species Act
Listing will affect land use and elated activities

MRSC has added a new Web page, "Endangered Species: Salmon & Bull Trout" This new page is designed toshare information on the impacts of the proposed listings of Puget Sound Chinook and five other species of Washington salmon for protection as "threatened" species under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). The impact of the listing of these species will affect land use and elated activities throughout the state of Washington. The purpose of the MRSC Web page is to assist Washington local governments in understanding and dealing with the impacts of the proposed ESA listing by providing a directory of ESA-related links and a place where officials and staff can share information on both current and proposed policies and programs.

The recent proposals to list certain salmon species as threatened or endangered under the ESA have triggered state-wide efforts to develop a comprehensive salmon conservation strategy focusing significant attention on the salmon's habitat - water. The proposed ESA listings for salmon have only increased the long-standing focus of state and local governments on Washington's water resources.

Recent changes in other federal laws on water quality permitting have already placed greater limits on discharges into sanitary and storm sewers. Compliance with the federal and state clean water laws, including the National Pollution and Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requirements and other laws affecting the quantity and quality of the states' water resources, will require increased action by local government and citizens.

Ask MRSC

This column contains summaries of recent inquiries answered by MRSC consultants.

Automatic Salary Adjustment May a city or county legislative body adopt an ordinance that provides for an automatic salary adjustment for its members?

The issue here is whether there is a violation of the state constitutional provision (article 11, section 8) that prohibits municipal officials who set their own compensation from increasing their salaries after their election or during their term of office. In our opinion, this provision would not be violated by an automatic increase as long as the increase is related to a standard, such as the CPI, not controlled by the council or board of commissioners. However, councilmembers or commissioners could not begin to receive this increase during their present terms of office. A number of cities in Washington provide for such an automatic, annual cost-of-living adjustment for councilmembers.

City Utility Tax May a city impose a utility tax on a water or sewer district?

A municipality may not tax another municipality without express legislative authorization. There is no express legislative authorization for a city to impose a utility tax on a special purpose district, such as a water or sewer district.

Issuance of Checks or Warrants May a town issue checks instead of warrants?

Towns do not have the authority to use checks in place of warrants. Two statutes indicate that a town must use warrants: RCW 35.27.170 and RCW 35.27.340. In contrast, a code city is given specific statutory authorization in RCW 35A.40.020 to use checks for solvent funds.

Junk Vehicles May a city or county define "junk vehicle" more broadly than it is defined in state law?

No. RCW 46.55.240(1) states:

A city, town, or county that adopts an ordinance or resolution concerning unauthorized, abandoned, or impounded vehicles shall include the applicable provisions of this chapter.

The "applicable provisions of this chapter" clearly would include the definitions contained in RCW 46.55.010, including a definition of "junk vehicle."

Law Enforcement Training What training is required of police officers after completion of basic law enforcement training?

There is no statutory or regulatory requirement of any additional training beyond the basic training curriculum established by the Criminal Justice Training Commission. However, if the police department wishes to be accredited by the Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs (WASPC), one of the WASPC standards with which it must comply is successful completion by each line officer of "at least 30 hours of in-service core training conducted by the agency and/or Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission."

Open Public Meetings May a city council or board of county commissioners require members of the public to sign their names when attending council or board meetings?

No. This is prohibited by RCW 42.30.040, which states that a member of the public may not be required, as a condition of attending an open public meeting, to register his or her name or other information "or otherwise fulfill any condition precedent" to attending the meeting.

Payday Change Is it possible to change county paydays from the last day of the month with a draw on the 15th of the month to a draw on the 20th with an end of month pay date of the 5th of the following month?

RCW 36.17.040 and 36.17.042 allow for a monthly, a monthly with a draw, a twice-monthly, or a biweekly pay period scheme. The paydays proposed could be adopted without any change in the current pay periods, since there would be a monthly draw on the 20th and an end of the month pay date of the 5th of the following month. Since the proposed change would affect all employees' cash flow planning, it is crucial that the county inform all employees and unions well in advance of its plans to change. It is possible the unions could demand that the change be bargained,depending on the language of your collective bargaining agreements.

Sales Tax Change and Existing Contracts Must a city pay the higher rate of sales tax now imposed by the county on outstanding construction project contract payments when the contract amount is based on the original, lower rate?

A city must pay the higher rate on outstanding construction contract payments for work completed after the effective date of the tax rate increase. Any payment made for work completed prior to the effective date of the tax increase should be made at the original rate. If the payments are only periodic progress payments, then any payment made after the effective date of the tax increase must include the new rate.

Census 2000 Means $$$ to Your Community

In the past months, communities have been invited by the Census Bureau to participate in the Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA). The Washington State Office of Financial Management will be participating in this effort and encourages you to join in the process. It is in the interest of your communities to get involved.

For federal expenditures:

$700 million are tied to census data
$1.8 billion are linked to census-based estimates

$90.5 million for community block grants
$35.8 million for public safety grants
$65.7 million for transit grants
$66.2 million for housing loans, rural rental housing

For state expenditures:

$220 million goes to counties based on population
$230 million goes to cities based on population

These revenues are used for:

Police and fire protection
Streets and roadways
Health services
Criminal justice activities

Billions in private sector investment are also generated for:

Market area studies
Site selection research using census data or census-based estimates

Why we need your help

The accuracy of the federal decennial census in the year 2000 is of paramount importance to Washington State and every city, town, and county. Several Census 2000 Partnership programs work with local governments in updating Census Maps and Address Lists—all to aid the 2000 census count.

Census 2000 statistical programs are currently underway, and other programs that involve local governments are planned. Cities and towns have already been invited by the Census Bureau to participate in the Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA). This program gives local governments the opportunity to check the addresses of the homes and apartments that will be contacted in the forthcoming 2000 federal Census before the actual count. The updated address list will serve as the master list for the census questionnaires and all other census activities.

Your participation in this program will help ensure an accurate count for your community. We urge you to participate!

The Seattle Regional Office of the Bureau of the Census and the Office of Financial Management are now planning a series of Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) training sessions for local governments. Assistance contacts are also being arranged to help cities, towns, and counties check the census mailing address for their areas.

Watch for more information coming via mail and in newsletters.

If you have questions or want more information, contact:

Elena A. Baranov

Lawrence Weisser

New Library and Information Services Unit

MRSC has a longstanding vision to develop the electronic library. Our goal is to make our information resources immediately available to you anywhere, anytime--on your home or office desktop or laptop portable, all day, seven days a week. Recently, we combined our information technology and library functions to create a "Library and Information Services Unit" to better realize the promises of technology as we head into the 21st century. Fred Ward has been appointed to manage this unit.

Fred is a trained professional librarian who has worked for MRSC since 1988. For the past seven years, Fred has served as the Center’s Information Services Specialist in charge of administering the Center’s local area network and overseeing the development and implementation of electronic services, including MRSC’s Web site. Fred has participated in numerous professional conference events to introduce local officials to municipal resources available on the worldwide Web. He is also the author of the "Web News" column of our newsletter.

Lynne DeMerritt, formerly the Center’s Library Manager, has taken on a new role to enhance the Center’s clearinghouse function. On June 1, Lynne celebrated the completion of her 25th year with MRSC. Her skills and talents were instrumental in developing MRSC’s library as the best local government document resource center in the state of Washington. Lynne will reach out to local governments through on-site visits and surveys with the goal of acquiring information about innovative programs and solutions that work. Local governments excel at delivering cost-effective services because they are close to the people. When we find good news, MRSC is in an excellent position to share this news through our Web site, publications, and other information services. Lynne will concentrate her energies on telling your success stories. She will also accelerate the development of content for our Web site. She is presently assembling critically needed materials to illustrate what local governments can do to respond to threats to salmon species.

As the Center’s Executive Director, I feel fortunate that we have the dedication and commitment, service orientation, talents, and skills of these fine individuals. Please give them your full support as we embark on this new era.

Richard Yukubousky
Executive Director

Information Technology Survey '98

Sixty-seven percent of Washington’s 277 cities and towns responded to the 1998 (third annual) MRSC Information Technology Survey (43% responded in 1997). Of those responding, 36% of the cities are less than 1,000 in population, 27% between 1,000 and 5,000, 19% between 5,000 and 10,000, and 17% more than 10,000. (Compare to actual distribution of all cities: 34%, 33%, 14%, and 20% in the respective categories from small to large.)

Internet access continues to grow. Sixty-four percent of cities and towns now have Internet access, up from 55% in 1997 and 28% in 1996. Among cities less than 1,000 in population, 33% of the responding cities have Internet access (compared to 8% last year) while among cities more than 10,000 in population, 100% now have Internet access.

The movement toward Microsoft software continues. In the 1996 survey, we found a fairly even split between WordPerfect and Word, and in 1997 found that 66% of cities used Word and 45% used WordPerfect (some used both). In 1998, we find that 84% use some version of Word and 30% use some version of WordPerfect. Most cities have upgraded from Windows 3.x to Windows ‘95; 75% use Windows ‘95 on at least one computer. For network operating systems, however, Novell NetWare remains most prevalent. Fifty percent use some version of Novell NetWare or IntraNetware, while 28% use Microsoft NT. (In 1997, 65% of cities and towns used some version of Novell NetWare, and 21% used Microsoft NT.)

Fifty cities (26% of those responding) use some type of permit processing software, including Black Bear Permit-Track, Tidemark Permit Plan, Sierra, and custom-programmed systems. Fifty-two (28%) use desktop publishing software, primarily Microsoft Publisher and Adobe PageMaker. And 44 (23%) have GIS systems, most often running some version of ARC/INFO or AutoCAD.

Regarding the Year 2000 computer problem, 28% of the respondents said that it is not an important issue in their city, while 25% said that it is very important. But 62% of the cities said they have begun to take steps to deal with the problem.

When asked about information technology needs, familiar issues continue with the most frequent responses including access to the Internet and E-mail, Year 2000 compliance, GIS, permit systems, hardware and software upgrades, and training.

A big "thank you" to those cities and towns responding to our survey.

Internet Use and E-mail Policies

Local governments increasingly rely on E-mail as a major form of communication with staff and citizens and use the Internet to research a variety of policy and legal issues. However, many local governments are using E-mail and accessing the Internet before adopting E-mail and Internet policies. Local governments need to be concerned about how their officials and employees use E-mail and the Internet. Adopting these policies can help cities and counties protect themselves against litigation.

MRSC has posted information on sample Internet and E-mail policies on its Web site (http://www.mrsc.org/Salmon/infoserv/infoserv.aspx). However, some local governments do not have access to the Internet and would like to review the legal and policy issues before providing Internet access to employees. MRSC has recently issued a new MRSC Focus short publication on "Internet and E-Mail Policies" that has been mailed to all Washington cities and counties. If you have not received this publication issue and would like to review it, give us a call. (This MRSC Focus, as well as previous issues, may be viewed and printed from our Web site at http://www.mrsc.org/Publications/mrscpubs.htm).

MRSC on CD

The Municipal Research & Services Center (MRSC) is planning to release a new CD-ROM (Windowsr compatible), MRSC on CD, containing a searchable database of our current legal opinions, policy research, and publications. The CD-ROM will contain:

The full text of MRSC's legal opinions from 1996 to present;
The full text of MRSC's policy research responses from 1996 to present; and
Nine of our most popular publications: Annexation Handbook, The Appearance of Fairness Doctrine in Washington State, Code City Handbook, Handbook for Councilmembers, Knowing the Territory: Basic Legal Guidelines for Municipal Officials, The New Bidding Book, The Open Public Meetings Act: How it Applies to Washington Cities, Towns and Counties, Public Records Disclosure, and Utility Billing & Collection Issues.

The CD will allow users to search these MRSC databases (using Folio VIEWSr software) and find answers to common local government questions. The publications will also be available in Adobe Acrobatr format for those who want to print their own paper copy. Anyone with a CD-ROM drive in their computer will be able to use this valuable research tool at their desktop.

MRSC on CD will be available in July 1998. The price will be $75 for cities/counties and $175 for non-city/county purchasers.

If you will be attending the 1998 AWC Annual Conference (June 16-19) in Tacoma, please stop by the MRSC booth for a demonstration and preview of this exciting new local government research tool. While you are there be sure to enter to win a free copy of MRSC on CD. Look for more information including how to order MRSC on CD on our Web site (www.mrsc.org) and in the mail.

Resource Sharing
Information Partnerhsip Program

We’re looking for a few good counties! As you may know, MRSC extended its services to county governments last year and we’ve been busy collecting materials that would benefit all local governments. The Information Partnership has been primarily directed toward city governments, but we would like to have a few county partners as well. Sometimes more is better! If your county wishes to join the Information Partnership, please contact us through the numbers below.

The Information Partnership Program seeks current materials from the local governments of Washington. The materials received provide answers and support to the challenges faced by municipalities and counties every day. You may order the materials below by contacting the MRSC library at 1-(800)-933-6772 or (206) 625-1300, fax (206) 625-1220, or E-mail us at mrsc@mrsc.org. Due to space limitations, the list below is not complete. A comprehensive list of IP materials received may be requested from the library or viewed on our Web site at www.mrsc.org/library/rshare.htm.

We encourage you to make this list available to those departments who would benefit from its contents.

Capital Facilities Plans (Planning-PL 12.4000)

Anacortes 1997; Auburn 1993; Bellingham 1995; Colville 1995; Colville 1995; Coulee Dam 1992; Des Moines 1997; Ellensburg 1997; Goldendale 1997; Grand Coulee 1998; Leavenworth; Omak 1996; Shelton 1995; South Cle Elum 1990; Stanwood; Vancouver 1994; Walla Walla 1996; Winthrop 1996; Yakima 1996-2001.

Planning Commission Manuals (Planning-PL 2.2100)

Colville; Des Moines 1994; East Wenatchee 1990; Federal Way; Kirkland 1995; Leavenworth; Omak 1998; Port Angeles 1994; Poulsbo; Vancouver (PL 2.2000).

Public Works RFPs (Public Works)

Auburn Small works roster application (2 p.), 1998. (F 8.1020); Consulting services application (2 p.), 1998 (F 8.8000); Colville State of qualifications for City of Colville engineering services [1 vol.], 1997, (PW 3.0000 C63 S83 1997); Ellensburg RFQ for analysing waterways for development of flood mitigation [1 p.], 1997 (PL 8.3200); RFQ for 1998 consultant services [1 p.], (F 8.8000); Federal Way Agreement for park concessionaire services [15 p.], 1996, (PP 3.4000); Request for proposal (RFP) - park food concessions [7 p.], 1998, (PP 3.4000); Request for quote on athletic and staff shirts [6 p.], 1998, (PE 7.5200); Request for bid (RFB) on supply and delivery of four mower units for Parks and Recreation [25 p.], 1998, (P 4.3000); Kirkland RFP for installation of new tile and removal/disposal of poolhouse epoxy floor covering [23 p.], 1998, (P 6.5100); Omak RFP for architectural consultants for evaluation and preparation of plans for replacement of city hall facility [4 p.], 1997, (PP 6.2100); Port Angeles RFP Architectural and engineering services for Port Angeles William Shore Pool renovation [6 p], 1998. (P 6.5200); RFP Banking and lockbox services [22 p], 1997. (F 2.3000); RFP Design of Port Angeles community library [2 p], 1998. (LIB 3.1000); RFP Restoration and occupancy of the Port Angeles Carnegie library [2 p], 1997. (PP 3.2000); Raymond RFP street engineering & design services [1 p.], 1994, (S 2.1000); RFP for Waterfront Park design services [1 p.], 1993, (P4.0000); RFP for sewer facilities planning services [1 p.], 1993, (US 1.2000); Shelton RFP to provide drafting and surveying services for the development of property maps [3 p.], 1998 (PW 5.0000); RFQ tp provide pre-construction engineering design services for the replacement of sanitary sewers [1 p.], 1997, (US 2.0000); Vancouver RFP Information technology strategic planning consultant services [23 p.], 1998, (IS 1.2000); RFQ Water station 6 hydrogeological services [2 p.], 1998, (UW 7.1000); Walla Walla Request for proposals for allocation of urban development action grant funds [9 p.], 1998, (PL 11.0000); Winthrop RFP street widening [1 p.], 1996, (S 2.1000); RFP transportation/circulation study [4 p.], 1991, (UT); RFQ to create comprehensive water plan [1 p.], 1996, (UW 1.3000); RFQ for engineer to construct water improvements [1 p.], 1996, (UW 2.0000); Yakima RFP design & construction of a playground [9 p.], 1998, (P 6.3000); Yakima city hall electrical modifications bid docs and specs [52 p.], 1/98, (PP 6.2000); Yakima city hall renovations bid documents and specifications [88 p.], 1/98, (PP 6.2100 Y33 Y35 1998); Water main improvements bid documents & specifications [1 vol.], 2/97, {UW 2.1000 Y33 W38 1997).

Recreation Program Evaluation Forms (Parks-P 5.4000)

Auburn Parks & Recreation mail-in evaluation card, [2 p.], n.d; Bellingham Parks and Recreation elementary basketball, fencing, youth baseball/softball & youth wrestling questionnaires, [4 p.]; Colville Program and instructor evaluation forms [3 p.], n.d; Des Moines Parks & Recreation survey, [2 p.], n.d; Federal Way Parks, recreation & Cultural Services Department recreation class evaluation [1 p.], n.d; Poulsbo Recreation Department feedback sheet [1 p.], n.d; Vancouver Parks & Recreation, Youth services class mail-in evaluation [2 p.], n.d.; Yakima Parks & Recreation activity evaluation [1 p.], 12/94.

Wireless Antenna Siting Regulations (Planning, Legal)

Auburn Ordinance No. 5020 amending Auburn city code Title 18 entitled "Zoning" as it pertains to wireless telecommunications facilties, [14 p.], 9/9/97. (PL 8.3725); Bellingham Ordinance No. 10922 adopting interim controls on certain telecommunications facilities and declaring an emergency [4 p.], 2/98, (PL 8.3725); Des Moines Municipal Code, Title 20: Telecommunications (40 p.), (FR 14.1000); Federal Way Ordinance 97-300 relating to land use and zoning, adopting new regulations for the siting and development of wireless telecommunications facilities [16 p.], 9/97, (PL 8.3725); Gig Harbor Ordinance No. 772 relating to telecommunications and cable television (master ordinance) [50 p.], 1997. (FR 14.1000); Goldendale Municipal Code Chapter 18.110 Wireless Communication Facilities (draft) [9 p.], 1998, (PL 8.3725); Kirkland Ordinance No. 3621 relating to the renewal of emergency, interim regulation of wireless communication facilities [3 p.], 1998, (PL 8.3725); Shelton Resolution No. 678-0297 imposing a moratorium on applications for land use permits for cellular communication facilities [1 p.], 1997, (PL 8.3725); Ordinance No. 1483-1197 amending Shelton Municipal code adding chapter 20.66 entitled "Wireless Communication Facilities" and amending chapter 20.44 (Conditional Use) [10 p.], 1997, (PL 8.3725); Stanwood Municipal Code, Title 14.10: Cellular and Radio towers/antennas [8 p.], (PL 8.3725); Tumwater Municipal Code Chapter 11.20 Communication Antennae andTowers [15 p.], 3/98, (PL 8.3726); Vancouver Ordinance M-3307 relating to land use and to wireless telecommunications facilities [66 p.], 6/97, (PL 8.3725).

Erica Zwick
Coordinator
Information Partnership Program

New Acquisitions

This list contains new publications, ordinances, and other materials recently received by the MRSC library. We also prepare a more comprehensive list of new acquisitions each month which is posted on our Web site at http://www.mrsc.org/library/newacq.htm . If you would like to borrow one or more of these publications, please contact Julie Hersum in our library at (206) 625-1300.

Cemeteries

Cemetery Master Plan, City of Sumner, 1997, 78 p., ill., map. This cemetery master plan includes site history, plans, rules and regulations, finance, vision statement, and goals, policies and objectives. [CE 1.0000 S93 C45 1997]

Construction, Building and Property

Accessible Design Review Guide: An ADAAG Guide for Designing and Specifying Spaces, Buildings, and Sites,The Accessible Space Team, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996, ix, 365 p., ill. A guide to the architectural design of public access buildings and spaces that would comply to ADA standards. [C 4.9000 A33 1996]

Fire Sprinkler Systems, Port Angeles, WA, Ordinance No. 2987 - providing a $500 rebate for the cost of installing residential sprinkler systems anywhere within the city (amends fire code), dated 4-12-98. (C 4.5500)

Economic Development

Guide for Small Businesses,Washington State Community, Trade and Economic Development, Business Assistance Center, Spring 1998, Olympia, WA, 19 p. [ED 0.0003 G855 1998]

Partners in Tourism: Culture and Commerce,edited by Donald Garfield, American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C., 1997, vi, 34 p., ill. A look at a federal cultural arts program that links cultural activities and events with tourism. [PP 6.3500 P37 1997]

Washington Business Resource Directory, edited by Maury Forman and David Wingate, Washington State Business Assistance Center, Washington State Community Trade and Economic Development, Olympia, WA, 1997, 202 p. Includes Economic development councils and area Chambers of Commerce, grant and loan programs for small businesses. [ED 0.0003 W3B855 1997]

Environment

The Clean Water Act, Water Environment Federation, 25th anniversary edition, Alexandria, VA, c1997, xxiii, 417 p. + appendices. Includes a short history of water pollution control policy in the U.S., a summary of the Act’s major features and programs, and a section-by-section summary of the Act. [EN 7.2100 C55 1997]

Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens,Ann L. Riley, Washington, D.C., Island Press, 1998, xxii, 423 p., ill. [EN 4.3000 R47 1998]

Finance

Funding Sources for Community and Economic Development 1998: A Guide to Current Sources for Local Programs and Projects with a Guide to Proposal Planning and Writing, Jeremy T. Minor & Lynn E. Minor, Phoenix, AZ, Oryx Press, 1998, xxviii, 571 p. [F 5.3000 F85 1998]

A Guide for Selecting Financial Advisors and Underwriters: Writing RFPs and Evaluating Proposals, Patricia Tigue, Chicago, Government Finance Officers Association, 1997, 42 p., (15mm x 23mm),1 computer disk, 3-1/2 in. [F 7.1100 G85 1997]

A Guide to Developing and Using Performance Measures in Results-based Budgeting, Mark Friedman, Washington D.C., The Finance Project, 1997, 46 p. [F 3.6300 G85 1997]

An Introduction to Treasury Management Practices, Government Finance Officers Association, Chicago, IL, c1997, v, 50 p. + appendices, ill. [F 1.0000 I5 1998]

Investing Public Funds, Girard Miller with M. Corinne Larson and W. Paul Zorn, Government Finance Officers Association, SEcond Edition, Chicago, IL, 1998, xxiv, 353 p. + appendices. [F 5.7100 I541 1998]

Perspectives on Privatization by Municipal Governments,Mary N. Stone, Amy K. Bell, James Brandon Poole, Washington, D.C., National League of Cities, 1997, 16 p. [F 8.7000 P47 1997]

Government Administration

The Good City and the Good Life, Daniel Kemmis, Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin, 1995, xix, 226 p. The former mayor of Missoula, Montana discusses the concept of "the good life" and the citizens’ role in renewing a sense of community in local government. [G 1.6000 G66 195]

Managing America’s Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity, Roger L. Kemp, Jefferson, N.C., McFarland & Co., 1998, ix, 460 p. A comprehensive look at the operations and productivity applications in United States’ municipal governments. [G 1.0000 M353 1998]

Seattle Works!, City of Seattle, City Performance Team, Seattle, WA, 1997, 1 v. (various pagings) + 1 videocassette (14:48 min) : col. poster. Describes city government program for long-term organizational and cultural change in city workplace, challenging employees tocontribute personally to improving city government. Provides a framework to improve service delivery; align staff efforts with shared citywide goals and values; increase communication, efficiency, and flexibility; and break down barriers between communities. [G 9.1500 S42 S42 1997]

Trends 2000: How to Prepare for and Profit from the Changes of the 21st Century,Gerald Celente, New York, Warner Books, 1998, x, 337 p. [G 1.5000 T74 1998]

Human Services

Income Support and Social Services for Low-income People in Washington, Sharon K. Long, Sandra J. Clark, Caroline Ratliffe, Krista Olson, Washington, D.C., Urban Institute, 1998, 52 p. [H 4.5000 I53 1998]

Model County Programs: 1996, National Association of Counties, Washington, D.C., 1996, 2 vols., 219 p. & 226 p. Vol. 1: Social Services — Model programs in arts and historic preservation, children and youth, civic education and public information, criminal justice and public safety, employment and training, health, human services, libraries, and volunteers. Vol. 2: Community Services — Model programs in community and Economic development, county administration and management, court administration, emergency management and response, environment and energy, fiscal management, information technology, parks and recreation, personnel management, planning, risk management, and transportation. [H 6.1000 M73 1996]

Information Systems

Emerging Communications Technologies, Uyless Black, SEcond edition, Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice Hall PTR, 1997, xxi, 457 p., ill. [IS 2.0000 E44 1997]

Information Systems Plan: City of Kennewick, prepared by Microflex, Inc., Seattle, WA, 1998, 32 p. + appendices, ill. [IS 1.2000 K43 I55 1998]

Year 2000 Solutions for Dummies, K.C. Bourne, Foster City, CA, IDG Books, 1997, xxiv, 344 p. ill. [2.3100 Y65 1997]

Year 2000 Project Notebook, City of Longview, 1998, 1 vol. A written plan for the city of Longview to address the Year 2000 computer problem. [IS 2.3100 L65 Y43 1998]

Land Use Planning

The Effects of Environmental Hazards and Regulation on Urban Redevelopment, by researchers from the Urban Institute, Northeast-Midwest Institute, University of Louisville, & University of Northern Kentucky, Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1997, 1 vol. [PL 5.6200 E44 1997]

How to Carry out a Community Quality of Life Project: A Manual, Dennis Raphael, Brenda Steinmetz, Rebecca Renwick, Toronto, Ont., Canada, University of Toronto, 1998.; 63 p. + appendices. [PL 14.0000 H68 1998]

Land Use Regulations Supportive of Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources inUrbanizing Rural Communities: Evaluation Criteria and Municipal Officials’ Perspective,Janet Hammer and Kelleann Foster, Kutztown, PA, Rodale Institute, 1996, 64 p. + appendices. [PL 5.2300 L35 1996]

Trees and Building Sites: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Trees and Buildings,edited by Dr. Gary W. Watson and Dan Neely, Savoy, IL, International Society of Arboriculture, 1995, vii, 191 p. [PL 5.7210 T753 1995]

Parks and Recreation

The Arboretum Plan: A Greenprint for the Future [Washington Park Arboretum],Portico Group, Seattle, WA, City of Seattle, 1997, 147 p., maps. [P 3.2000 S42 A73 1997]

Personnel

Personnel Policies for Small Cities, Association for Washington Cities, Bruce L. Schroeder, Summit Law Group, Olympia, WA, 1997, 1 vol. (various pagings).1 computer disk. [PE 6.0000 P46 1997]

Privacy in the Workplace: Seminar, Ogden Murphy Wallace, P.L.L.C., Seattle, WA, 1996, 33 p. Partial contents: establishing confidential medical information files; adopting effective voicemail, E-mail, and Internet policies; searching employee desks, locers and belongings; applying company policies and procedures regarding privacy in a non-discriminatory manner; effective protection of company information and trade secrets. [PE 6.0000 P75 1996]

Property Management

ABCs of AFVs: A Guide to Alternative Fuel Vehicles, California Energy Commission, 4th edition, Sacramento, CA, State of California, 1997, v, 108 p. [PP 4.3100 A58 1997]

Public Safety

Juvenile Justice & Youth Violence, James C. Howell, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1997, x, 250 p. A comprehensive examination of the history of juvenile crime, the current trend to prosecute and punish offenders as adults, and a framework that will help communities incorporate best practices and utilize knowledge of risk and protective factors for serious and violent delinquency. [PS 7.4285 J768 1997]

Public Works

The Basics of a Utility Rate Study, Alan Major, Knoxville, TN,.MTAS, 1998, 27 p. ill. [U 4.1100 B38 1998]

Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Handbook for Local Governments,Sanjay Jeer, Megan Lewis, Stuart Meck, Jon Witten, American Planning Association, Chicago, 126 p., ill. [UW 7.5000 PAS476 1997]

Transportation

A Toolbox for Alleviating Traffic Congestion and Enhancing Mobility, prepared by Michael D. Meyer, Institute of Traffic Engineers, Washington, D.C., 355 p., ill. [T 4.1000 T665 1997]

Traffic Signing Handbook, Institute of Traffic Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1997, 250 p. + appendices, ill. [T 3.4400 T73 1997]

Archives and Records Management

Great news! MRSC is working with the state Division of Archives and Records Management to bring current and comprehensive information to cities and counties about the identification, preservation, and use of local government records. MRSC already has records retention manuals for county assessors, county auditors, and county treasurers available on our Web site (www.mrsc.org). Also on our Web site is the Local Government General Records Retention Schedule and Records Management Manual. In the next few months we will be posting schedules for county and superior court clerks, law enforcement agencies, county prosecutors and public defenders, and health districts.

The Division of Archives and Records Management is currently developing its own Web site, and once it is up and running, you will be able to link directly to it from the MRSC site. Until then, MRSC will continue to publish documents and information relating to retention, preservation, and storage of government documents on our Web site.

The state archives office provides technical assistance for complying with the legal requirements for archiving and managing public records. The regional archivists and state archives staff are available to provide information on records retention scheduling, micrographics, filing and information retrieval, essential records protection, disaster preparedness and recovery, records center operations, records access and disclosure, and media storage standards.

Protection, maintenance, and storage of valuable government records require technical expertise. Mistakes can be costly. For instance, cities and counties must be certain that archival standards are met when they contract with private companies for microfiche or other record preservation. Following established standards insures that valuable records are not inadvertently damaged or destroyed. Check with your regional archivist regarding state standards before entering into any contract. Your taxpayers should never have to spend additional money to correct or modify inadequate or substandard work.

Don't risk loss of vital and irreplaceable government records by fire, flood, or other disaster. Original records can be properly archived at your regional state archive facility; duplicates can be kept at the city hall or county courthouse for easy reference. Makes sense, doesn't it?

Until the Division of Archives has its Web site operational, MRSC will continue to partner with them in providing basic information on this topic. Additionally, MRSC will continue to provide advice to cities and counties regarding specific records retention inquiries.

The Division of Archives provides specialized advice and detailed assistance regarding recordspreservation and retention. The Division of Archives has regional centers located around the state, with staff available to advise you on how to preserve and manage your records in the most cost-effective way.

Central Branch -- Ellensburg; (509) 963-2136; archives@cwu.edu
Eastern Branch -- Cheney; (509) 359-6900; era@ewu.edu
Northwest Branch -- Bellingham; (360) 650-3125; archives@cc.wwu.edu
Puget Sound Branch -- Bellevue; (425) 373-3940; archives@bcc.ctc.edu
Southwest Branch -- Olympia; (360) 753-1684
Records Management & Technology Section
Local Records & Publications Specialist (360) 586-4901
In Olympia: Microfilm (360) 586-4899
State Archivist/Deputy State Archivist (360) 753-5485
Document Conservation (360) 753-1801
State Archives Research (360) 586-1492

Thank You Margery Price!

Margery Price retired in December 1997 after serving 21 years as the city clerk of Kennewick. From 1990-91 she served as president of The International Institute of Municipal Clerks. During her service as city clerk, she became an expert in parliamentary procedure and started her own consulting business with which she plans on continuing.

We at MRSC know Margery well. She served on our Board of Directors from 1988-96.

We thank Margery for her dedicated service to local government and wish her well in her retirement.

We are pleased to announce a new publication available from MRSC - Governments are from Saturn...Citizens are from Venus: Strategies for REconnecting Citizens and Government. This publication highlights a variety of successful strategies that local communities have used to rEconnect citizens with government, and to make government work in the new information age. Copies will be arriving soon to your town, city, or county. Additional copies may be purchased from MRSC.

Municipal Research & Services Center of Washington
2601 Fourth Ave, Ste 800
Seattle, WA 98121-1280
Tel (206) 625-1300 - Fax (206) 625-1220
E-Mail mrsc@mrsc.org - Web http://www.mrsc.org

Municipal Research News

Resources for Local Government June 1998

Articles

Archives

Resources for Local Government
June 1998